The concept note on project India on the March Draft
THE CHRONOLOGY IN INDIAN HISTORY AND THREE PHASES OF IOM
The three phases can be roughly as follows
The Beginning
Part I – Year 2000000 BC to 3200 BC and Year 3200 B.C. - 712 A.D.
The volumes related prominently to this phase
The Vision
| ||||
The Beginning
| ||||
The Ascent of Life
| ||||
The Manifestation of mind
| ||||
|
The journey
Part II - Year 712 A.D. - 1605 A.D.
Part III - Year 1612 A.D. - 1857 A.D.
The volumes related prominently to this phase
The Quest for beauty
|
The Realm of religion
|
Philosophy and Metaphilosophy
|
Science towards terrestrial omnipotence
|
The Divine unfoldment
Part IV - Year 1863 A.D. - 1910 A.D. &
Part V - Year 1910 A.D. – onwards 2017 and ahead
The volumes related prominently to this phase
Agni, the illumined Will
|
The Supreme Consummation
|
The new Epiphany
|
The Golden Dawn
|
The project is a study of:
Based on The Secret of Vedas, The Upanishads, The Renaissance in India, The Foundations of Indian Culture, The Life Divine, The Human Cycle, The ideal of a Karmayogin:
“ A mighty tree produces a beautiful ripe fruit. That fruit falls on the ground, it decays and rots, and out of that decay springs the root and the future tree, perhaps mightier than the first one. This period of decay through which we have passed was all the more necessary. Out of this decay is coming the India of the future; it is sprouting, its first leaves are already out; and a mighty, gigantic tree, the Urdhvamula, is here, already beginning to appear.” -Swami Vivekananda in ‘The Future of India’ Complete works of Swami Vivekananda, Volume 3.
- The luminous seed of Veda: A study of the luminous and secret seed of Veda and Upanishads in the light of the stage of Involution and Subjective age / symbolic age, the formation of the individual and Nation soul and the possibility of the role of involutionary beings and evolutionary beginnings.
- Efflorence of the seed in Indian Culture: A study of innumerable expressions of the seed of Veda in the land of Dharma and Shastra in the age of Typal and Conventional: OR a study of Epics, Etihasas, Puranas and Shastras in the age of Reason and Individual , as a result of the evolution of individual and group consciousness.
- Fruits of the seed in Indian civilization: A study of the arduous attempt to even mould vital and physical life of human being and wider and deeper understanding of religion, ethics, morality, aesthetics, philosophy, science, polity, arts, society, economy, trade and industry in India and its spread all over the world which in turn was part of if not cause of moulding their nation souls and their evolutions.
- Fall of the Indian culture A study of the last flowering of Indian genius i.e. Bhakti, Tantra, Varnashrama, more superfluous visual and performing arts; their respective rise, perversion, fall; thereby a study of true and false subjective age in India with the chaos which led to degeneration and misunderstanding of “true soul” and other souls.
- Resurrection and sprouting of the seed: A study of the Initial reaction of India to external attacks in 19th-20th AD which was not as per Nation soul and so poor in will, feeble in form and ineffective in results; to realize the importance of the renaissance in India and its uniqueness which centered on the nation as a soul-being and a Devi – Shakti.
- Root and branch reform out of the decay: A study of the clash of nations, cultures and civilizations, in the age of increasing techno commercialization leading to multidisciplinary crisis in the light of the starting of the next evolution of consciousness, of nation souls, and realizing the ideal of human unity while surpassing it for a next future.
Corrected table
A
|
EVOLUTION INVOLUTION
|
God
Sat Chit Ananda
|
The Beginning
|
Religious and spiritual
|
Maheshwari
|
Wisdom
|
Love
|
Psychic:
Jivatma
|
Spirituality, Religion
Integral Philosophy and IY
| |
B
|
Light
|
Mental
|
Mahakali
|
Power / Force
|
Knowledge
|
Mind :
Manas
|
Philosophy, Literature &
Scriptures
Education, Psychology
Philosophy of technology,
philosophy of management
| |||
The journey
| ||||||||||
C
|
Freedom
|
Vital
|
Mahalakshmi
|
Harmony
|
Power
|
Vital : Prana
|
Politics, Economics and
Sociology
Management
Trade and commerce
| |||
D
|
Immortality
|
The Divine unfoldment
|
Physical
|
Mahasaraswati
|
Perfection
|
Beauty
|
Physical : Anna
|
Architecture and sculpture,
Assets and institutions ,
Performing arts and visual arts
Environmental science, Sports
Material Science and Production
|
- The next rise of the mighty tree: A study of possibility if India can give a decisive turn to the problems on which the mankind is stumbling, her efforts to avoid repeating occident’s perpetual cycles of failures and ‘to give a new meaning and vaster form’ to the eternal dharma which in turn is study of true role of India’s nation-soul in the future human unity and thereby her importance to facilitate the next evolutionary leap into Supramental race and Gnostic beings.
Indian Chronology (Part I)
The Beginning
- The luminous seed of Veda: A study of the luminous and secret seed of Veda and Upanishads in the light of the stage of Involution and Subjective age / symbolic age, the formation of the individual and Nation soul and the possibility of the role of involutionary beings and evolutionary beginnings.
- Fruits of the seed in Indian civilization: A study of the arduous attempt to even mould vital and physical life of human being and wider and deeper understanding of religion, ethics, morality, aesthetics, philosophy, science, polity, arts, society, economy, trade and industry in India and its spread all over the world which in turn was part of if not cause of moulding their nation souls and their evolutions.
The volumes related prominently to this phase
The Vision
| ||||
The Beginning
| ||||
The Ascent of Life
| ||||
The Manifestation of mind
| ||||
|
(Indus civilization, Birth and Rise of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Islam, Invasions of Alexander and Hun)
B.C.
2,000,000 - 100,000 BCE
| ||
A skull fragment found in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited in the Middle Pleistocene era around 250,000 years ago. Anek R. Sankhyan describes it as "debated and conveniently interpreted as "evolved" Homo erectus or "archaic".[1] Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent.[2][3] The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley.[4] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[5][6][7]
Madrasian Culture sites have been found in Attirampakkam (Attrambakkam=13° 13' 50", 79° 53' 20"), which is located near Chennai (formerly known as Madras),Tamil Nadu.[10] Thereafter, tools related to this culture have been found at various other locations in this region. Bifacial handaxes and cleavers are typical assemblages recovered of this culture.[11] Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have also been found. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic rock quartzite.[10] The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in India.[12]
Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology 150,000-100,000 BCE in Tamil Nadu.[13]
|
90th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
9,000 BCE
| ||
Early Neolithic culture with first confirmed semi permanent settlements appeared 11000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Some of the Stone Age rock paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 30,000 years old.[15]
|
60th century BCE [edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
6000 BCE
|
35th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
3300 BCE
|
Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, the so-called Indus script.
|
27th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
2600 BCE
|
The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements across the whole of Pakistan, much of northern India, and large parts of Afghanistan,[19] covering a region of around one million square miles, which was larger than the land area of its contemporaries Egypt and Mesopotamia combined, and also had superior urban planning and sewage systems. The civilization began using the mature Indus script for its writing system.
| |
2600 BCE
|
End of the Early Dynastic II Period and the beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period in Mesopotamia.
| |
2900 BCE – 2334 BCE
|
Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
|
26th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
2600 BCE
|
Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins. The cities of Harappa, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi and Mohenjo-daro become large metropolises and the civilization expands to over 2,500 cities and settlements. The civilization began using the mature Indus script
|
18th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
1800 BCE
|
Adichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago.
|
15th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
1500 BCE
|
13th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
1300 BCE
|
Cemetery H culture comes to an end
|
12th century BCE[edit]
Year
|
Date
|
Event
|
1200 BCE
|
Rigveda (to 1000 BCE)
|
More recent history: 1200 BC onwards:
1200-1000
|
Rigveda compiled
| ||
1000-500
|
Age of the Ramayana, the Mahabharata or the Bhagwad Gita.
| ||
623-543
|
Traditional years of birth and death of the Buddha (Sidhartha). Buddhism founded in India (Sanchi, Bihar)
| ||
540-468
|
Traditional years of birth and death of Mahavira (Founded Jainism)
| ||
326
|
Invasion of India by Alexander
| ||
324
|
Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta
| ||
273-232
|
Reign of Asoka : Asoka spreads message of Buddhism to China and towards East.
| ||
190
|
Greek Kingdoms of N.W. India.
| ||
187
|
End of the Maurya dynasty
| ||
187-75
|
Rule of the Sungas
| ||
58
|
Beginning of Vikram Era.
| ||
64-225
|
Kushan dynasty in N.W. India; South Indian Kingdoms of Cholas, Cheras and Pandavas.
| ||
78
|
Accession of Kanishka. Beginning of Saka Era.
| ||
320-475
|
Gupta dynasty; Ajanta Cave frescoes and Ellora Cave carvings
| ||
335-376
|
Reign of Samudra Gupta.
| ||
376-414
|
Reign of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya).
| ||
405-11
|
Fa-Hien from China travels India.
| ||
454
|
First Hun invasion.
| ||
480-90
|
Fall of Gupta Empire.
| ||
606-647
|
Reign of Harshavardhana.
| ||
630-644
|
Another Chinese Hiuen Tsang travels India.
| ||
600-700
|
Birth and Rise of Islam in the Middle East and Jerusalem area. Followers instructed to spread Islam around the world.
| ||
712
|
Arab conquest of Sind by Mohammed bin Qasim.
|
***
Indian Chronology (Part II)
The Journey
- Fall of the Indian culture A study of the last flowering of Indian genius i.e. Bhakti, Tantra, Varnashrama, more superfluous visual and performing arts; their respective rise, perversion, fall; thereby a study of true and false subjective age in India with the chaos which led to degeneration and misunderstanding of “true soul” and other souls.
The volumes related prominently to this phase
The Quest for beauty
|
The Realm of religion
|
Philosophy and Metaphilosophy
|
Science towards terrestrial omnipotence
|
(Period of Islamic invasions, North India enslaved by 1200 A.D., Entire India enslaved by 1526 A.D., Foundation of Sikhism, Defiance against Mughal rule by Rajput King Rana Pratap, East India Co. founded in India)
712
|
Arab conquest of Sind by Mohammed bin Qasim.
| |||
730
|
Accession of Yasovarman of Kanyakubja
| |||
735
|
First Parsi settlement
| |||
750-1202
|
Palas & Senas of Bengal
| |||
820
|
Death of Sankaracharya
| |||
800-900
|
Kashmir's Hindu/Budhist culture destroyed. Temples buried.
| |||
960-1200
|
Chandellas of Bundelkhand
| |||
1000-1026
|
Islamic invasion of India by Mahmud of Ghazni.
| |||
1050
|
Buddhist missions to Tibet
| |||
1191
|
Invasion of Muhammad of Ghur
| |||
1192
|
Defeat and Death of Prithviraj, the last Rajput King of Delhi
| |||
1206-1290
|
Establishment of Muslim rule in North India; Reign of Slave Kings
| |||
1221
|
First Mongol invasion by Chengiz Khan.
| |||
1228
|
Conquest of Assam by the Ahoms.
| |||
1230
|
Vijaynagar Kingdom founded in the South.
| |||
1290-1316
|
Reign of the Khalifis at Delhi
| |||
1320-1412
|
Reigh of Tughlak Sultans of Delhi
| |||
1347
|
Bahmani Kingdom of Deccan founded in the South.
| |||
1398
|
Invasion of Timur.
| |||
1436-1533
|
Life of Sri Chatanya, Saint of Bengal.
| |||
1451-1526
|
Reign of Lodi Sultans of Delhi.
| |||
1469-1545
|
Birth and Hindu reformist teachings of Guru Nanak. Exiled by Slave Hindu King. Foundation of Sikhism.
| |||
1494
|
Foundation of Agra by Sikander Lodi.
| |||
1498
|
Vasco da Gama (Portugese) discovered India by sea route & reached Calicut.
| |||
Indian Chronology (Part III)
(Moghul Decline, British arrive in India, Building of the Taj Mahal, Terror of Aurangzeb, Shivaji outsmarts Mughuls, Courageous Sikh resistance to Islamic terror and oppression, Nadir Shah sacked North West India, East India Co. takes over North East India, Reforms in Hindu practices, English introduced as medium of instruction in 1835, Indian Mutiny of 1857, India governed by British Crown in 1858)
1612
|
1st English factory set up at Surat.
|
1627
|
Birth of Shivaji
|
1627-57
|
Reign of Shah Jahan.
|
1644
|
Farman permitting the English to trade in Bengal.
|
1658-1707
|
Reign of Aurangzeb.
|
1668
|
1st French factory set up at Surat.
|
1675
|
Sikh resistance to Moghuls intensifies. Execution of Guru Teg Bahdur, 9th Sikh Guru, by Aurangzeb.
|
1680
|
E.I. Company established trading center at Calcutta.
|
1686-87
|
Fall of the Kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda.
|
1698
|
The E.I. Co. obtained Zamindari of three villages of Sutanati, Kalikata, and Gobindpur - nucleus of Calcutta.
|
1707
|
Death of Aurangzeb, the "terrorist" Mughul King.
|
1734
|
Nadir Shah sacked North India/Delhi.
|
1757
|
Battle of Plassey
|
1761
|
Third Battle of Paniput.
|
1764
|
Battle of Buxar.
|
1765
|
Grant of Dewani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to E.I. Co. by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.
|
1772
|
Warren Hastings appointed first Governal-General of British India.
|
1775
|
Execution of Nanda Kumar.
|
1781
|
First Newspaper, Hickey's Calcutta Gazette in India.
|
1784
|
Pitt's India Bill passed by the British Parliament.
|
1786-90
|
Reforms of Cornwallis.
|
1790
|
Third Mysore war.
|
1792-1839
|
Ranjit Singh succeeds his father as leader of a Sikh Misl. Had lavish life style and Harems, Hindu's eldest son raised as Sikh. Tenth Guru Govind Singh's teachings, Sikhs brave Islamic terror and oppression.
|
1793
|
Permanent settlement of Bengal.
|
1799
|
Death of Tipu Sultan.
|
1828-35
|
Lord Bentinck as Governor-General.
|
1829
|
Brahmo Samaj founded by Raja Rammohan Roy; Prohibition of Sati.
|
1835
|
Introduction of English as medium of instruction.
|
1839
|
Death of Ranjit Singh.
|
1839-42
|
Anglo-Afghan War.
|
1854
|
First postage stamp introduced.
|
1856
|
Annexation of Oudh by the British; Introduction of Hindu widow marriage.
|
1857
|
Indian Mutiny. Tantaya Tope, Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai bravely fight the British army but lose the 'freedom movement'. British reassert.
|
1858
|
Transfer of India from E.I. Co. to British Crown.
|
Indian Chronology (Part IV)
The Divine unfoldment
- Resurrection and sprouting of the seed: A study of the Initial reaction of India to external attacks in 19th-20th AD which was not as per Nation soul and so poor in will, feeble in form and ineffective in results; to realize the importance of the renaissance in India and its uniqueness which centered on the nation as a soul-being and a Devi – Shakti.
- Root and branch reform out of the decay: A study of the clash of nations, cultures and civilizations, in the age of increasing techno commercialization leading to multidisciplinary crisis in the light of the starting of the next evolution of consciousness, of nation souls, and realizing the ideal of human unity while surpassing it for a next future.
- The next rise of the mighty tree: A study of possibility if India can give a decisive turn to the problems on which the mankind is stumbling, her efforts to avoid repeating occident’s perpetual cycles of failures and ‘to give a new meaning and vaster form’ to the eternal dharma which in turn is study of true role of India’s nation-soul in the future human unity and thereby her
- importance to facilitate the next evolutionary leap into Supramental race and Gnostic beings.
The volumes related prominently to this phase
Agni, the illumined Will
|
The Supreme Consummation
|
The new Epiphany
|
The Golden Dawn
|
(British Rule, Birth of Rabindranath Tagore, M.K. Gandhi, Arya Samaj Founded by Swami Dayanand Sarsawati, Birth of Subhas Chandra Bose, Swami Vivekanand travels to America, Indian National Congress founded, Muslim League founded, British reforms, Gandhi returns to India from South Africa, Gandhi's quest for freedom and non-cooperation movement, Jalianwalabagh massacre by British at Amritsar, Sikhs join the freedom struggle against British, World War I, Burma separated from India, Provincial autonomy granted, Congress ministries in most provinces, World war II, Bose's I.N.A. movement, Cripps mission, Quit India movement. India partitioned, Freedom at midnight, Kashmir attacked by Afghan/Pakistan, Gandhi's assasination, India becomes Republic)
1861
1863
1867
|
Birth of Rabindranath Tagore
Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo
|
1869
|
Birth of Mahatama (Mohandas Karamchand) Gandhi (2nd October).
|
1874
|
Great Famine of Bengal
|
1875
|
Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
|
1885
|
Indian National Congress founded in Bombay.
|
1892
|
Swami Vivekanand travels to America to attend First World Religious Conference. Enlightens attendies about Hinduism.
|
1897
|
Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose (23rd Jan).
|
1905
|
Partition of Bengal. Anti-Partition Movement begins.
|
1906
|
Foundation of the Muslim League
|
1907
|
Congress split between extremists and moderates.
|
1909
|
Morley-Minto Reforms.
|
1911
|
Partition of Bengal revoked. First inland airmail flight.
|
1913
|
Nobel Prize for Rabindranath Tagore.
|
1914
|
Gandhi returns to India from South Africa; Beginning of World War I
|
1918
|
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Jalianwalabagh massacre at Amritsar by British (13 April); Sikhs join Indian freedom struggle; Third Afghan war. World War I ends.
|
1920-22
|
Non-cooperation Movement; Khilafat Movement.
|
1930
|
Civil Disobedience Movement started by Congress
|
1931
|
1st Round Table Conference and Gandhi-Irwin pact.
|
1932
|
Second Civil Disobedience Movement.
|
1935
|
Government of India Act passed.
|
1937
|
Inauguration of Provincial Autonomy; Congress Ministries in most provinces; Burma separated from India (1st April).
|
1939
|
Second World War begins, Resignation of Congress Ministries in 9 provinces.
|
1941
|
Subhash Chandra Bose escapes from India to organize the I.N.A. Movement.
|
1942
|
Cripps' Mission; 'Quit India' Movement started by Gandhi. 1943 - Bengal Famines.
|
1946
|
Cabinet Mission's plan; Interim Government with J.L. Nehru as Prime Minister and widespread communal riots.
|
1947
|
Partition of India; India becomes independent (15 August); Home Minister Vallabh Bhai Patel consolidates Indian states. Jawahar Lal Nehru is the first Prime Minister. Kashmir attacked by Afghans/Pakistan. Raja Hari Singh signs Kashmir documents to make it a part of India.
|
1948
|
Mahatama Gandhi contends India owed Pakistan 55 million rupees. Volunteers to travel to Pakistan to seek reconciliation but is assasinated by Nathuram Godse (Jan 30). UN resolutions on Kashmir.
|
1949
|
India's new constitution passed into law (26 Nov)
|
1950
|
India becomes a Republic (26 Jan). Kashmir given special status.
Indian History (Part V) (Source: Hindustan Year Book, Personal Recollections) |
Indian Chronology (Part V)
(Independent India, Democracy and Elections, Economic Development- Five Year Plans, Indo-China war of 1962, Indo-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971, India's scientific & technological achievements, Jai Prakash Narain movement, Emergency Period of 1975-77, Growth of Indian opposition parties, Assam Unrest, Punjab/Sikh Unrest, Assasination of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi Leads, Indo Sri-Lanka Accord, Indias High Technology Ventures, Rise in Corruption, Decline of Rajiv Gandhi, India develops an alternative governing coalition, Kashmir Unrest, V.P. Singh, Rajiv Gandhi Assasinated, Rao leads)
1950
|
India becomes a Democratic, Socialistic Republic with its own Constitution (Jan 26).
|
1951
|
First Five-Year Plan launched.
|
1952
|
First General Election
|
1953
|
Mt. Everest conquered for the first time by Tenzing & Hillary.
|
1954
|
French Settlements in India merged to India; Doctrine of Panch Shila (Five principles of non-interference) accepted basis for Indo-Chinese relations. US supports Pakistan while USSR supports India on issues like Kashmir.
|
1956
|
Indian States reorganized on linguistic basis; 2nd Five-Year Plan launched.
|
1957
|
Second General Elections held.
|
1958
|
Metric System of weights and measures introduced.
|
1960
|
Bombay and Sourashtra regions converted into Maharashtra and Gujarat.
|
1961
|
Portugese surrender. Goa again becomes part of India.
|
1962
|
Communist China attacked India (Oct.); Third General Elections.
|
1963
|
Rocket centre of Thumba launched its first rocket.
|
1964
|
Jawahar Lal Nehru dies of heart attack (May 27), Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes Prime Minister (June 9).
|
1965
|
Mt. Everest conquered by Indians (May 20); Indo-Pak undeclared war (August 5 - September 22). India wins territories of Pakistan. Reaches very close to Lahore. Pakistan wins some parts of Kashmir.
|
1966
|
USSR mediates the talk between India and Pakistan. POWs and territories won to be returned to each other. Indian army viewed it as an unjust settlement. Lal Bahadur Shastri signs such accord and dies (Jan 11) suddenly in Tashkent, USSR after signing the accord. His death remained a mystery - Whether it was heart attack or an act of murder. Indians decide to negotiate on their own in future.
|
1966
|
Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (24 Jan). Punjab unrest starts. Punjab partitioned again into Punjabi speaking Punjab and Hindi speaking Haryana.
|
1967
|
Fourth General Election held.
|
1968
|
Congress Party splits – Mrs. Indira Gandhi expelled from the Congress. 1970 - Creation of Meghalaya State.
|
1971
|
Himachal Pradesh becomes a State (2nd April): Mid-term Lok Sabha Elections (March), Nixon-Indira Gandhi meetings in US do not go well. Indira Gandhi pushes for and Indo-Soviet Friendship treaty (Aug 9) is signed; Indo-Pak war takes place (Dec 3-16). Bangladesh created.
|
1972
|
Fifth General Election; New States of Tripura and Manipur formed. Mutually negotiated Simla agreement signed between India and Pakistan to resolve differences between them without use of force.
|
1973
|
Indian dacoit gangs surrender under Jai Prakash Narayan's efforts. JP starts movement for social equality. It slowly becomes a movement for greater socialism. Change of priorities from Science & Technology to more socialistic values is suggested.
|
1974
|
Indira Gandhi continues to push Science & Technology. India conducts underground nuclear explosion (May 18). Seen as deterrent to China.
|
1975
|
Sikkim becomes a State of India (April); First Indian satellite launched; Sanjay Gandhi pushes a very aggressive and ambitious family planning program. Excesses are committed with the villagers. Jai Prakash Narayan movement for Socialism gains momentum. State of Emergency declared.
|
1977-78
|
Dissolution of Lok Sabha and the nation goes to the polls. The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi is rejected by the people. Janata government gains power. Morarji Desai becomes PM. President F.A. Ahmed dies. Indira Gandhi is harassed and almost put into jail.
|
1979
|
PM Morarji Desai resigns in face of no-confidence motion (July 15). Chaudhary Charan Singh became the PM on July 28 but resigned on August 20. President Sanjiva Reddy dissolves the Lok Sabha (Aug 22).
|
1980
|
Seventh Lok Sabha Poll is held. Mrs. Indira Gandhi wins handily and returns as PM once again (Jan 14).
|
1981
|
Rohini Satellite launched from Sriharikota (May 31). First Telecomm. satellite APPLE put into orbit by European Space Agency.
|
1982-84
|
Sikh unrest starts. It becomes violent. Khalistan demands are made. Sant Bhindranwale directs a violent Sikh movement from the Golden Temple Complex. Indira Gandhi orders Army assault to capture Bhindranwale and crush the violent movement (June). Bhindranwale dies in the assault. Sikhs take revenge by assassinating Indira Gandhi in October. North India/Delhi witnesses widespread Hindu-Sikh riots. Almost 3000 of Sikhs are killed in revenge. Sikhs claim killings were organized and premeditated by Congress officials. Rajiv Gandhi is sworn as PM. Rajiv Gandhi seeks people's mandate and won handily in the December polls (Eighth Lok Sabha). Rajiv pushes Science & Technology, visions of taking India into 21st century.
|
1985-88
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Assam agreement is signed with students. Assam life returns normal. Punjab problem continues. Sikhs remain emotionally alienated. Thousands are killed in Sikh terrorist violence in Punjab. Rajiv Gandhi pushes for economic development. High tech industries prop up. Consumerism and prices rise in India. Indian software industry becomes highly successful. Public corruption increases. Relations with US, Pakistan and China are improved. Relations with Sri Lanka and Nepal deteriorate. Indian peace keeping force is sent to Sri Lanka under Indo-Sri Lanka agreement to weed out extremists and bring peace to the strife torn island nation. It is met with mixed success. Tamil minority rights are gained but LTTE resists IKPF.India helps Maldives fight a government overthrow attempt.
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1989
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Rajiv Gandhi comes under strong fire from V.P. Singh and others for mishandling Bofors case. He is also cited as ineffective to solve the Punjab problem despite a strong people's mandate in 1984 polls. He is deemed inexperienced and adventurist. Ninth Lok Sabha elections are held and Rajiv Gandhi's congress party is rejected for power. Janata Dal, Bhartiya Janata Party and Communist Parties forge a ruling alliance. VP Singh, once defense and finance minster in Rajiv Gandhi's govt. becomes the Prime Minister. He makes attempt to sooth Sikh emotions by travelling to Golden Temple and meeting Sikh religious leaders. Kashmir militancy meanwhile rises.
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1990
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Kashmir unrest grows. External hand of Pakistan is seen. Indo-Pak relations take a steep fall. Kashmir is put under Governor's rule. Army is kept on the alert. Ayodhya temple issue flares up. VP Singh pulls out Mandal report and orders additional 27% reservations for Backward Castes (BC). Student unrest.
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1991
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VP Singh loses no confidence motion due to Ayodhya and Reservation Issues. BJP splits from coalition. Chandrashekar becomes PM with support from Rajiv Gandhi's Congress party. Devi Lal is the deputy PM. Devi Lal and Rajiv Gandhi don't get along. Rajiv Gandhi is harassed in Bofors case. Rajiv Gandhi withdraws support and govt. falls. New elections ordered by the President R. Venkataraman. Rajiv Gandhi is once again popular and is favorite to win election. Rajiv assasinated in Tamilnadu by LTTE suicide bomber. Rao is chosen as successor. Narsimha Rao leads congress party and nation. BJP gains as a party and becomes major opposition.
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1992-94
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India almost defaults on foreign loans. Precarious foreign exchange situation. Manmohan Singh lauches widespread economic reforms. India rebounds economically. VHP leads Ayodhya temple issue. Babri site is destroyed and makeshift Ram temple is built on the disputed site. VHP is banned. RAA and BJP also banned but later restored. BJP governments in four northern states dismissed. State elections one year later has mixed results for BJP. Congress gains majority. Janata Dal splits. BJP continues as major opposition party. Foreign companies invest in India in large numbers. Stock exchange and major buildings in Bombay are rocked with Bomb explosions. Pakistani hand seen in violence in Bombay. Kashmir situation worsens. Punjab violence is controlled.
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