Jayapala was the ruler of the Hindu
Shahi dynasty from 964 to 1001
CE.
His kingdom stretched from Laghman to Kashmir and Sirhind to Multan, with Peshawar being in the center,
Maharaja Jayapala is known successfully defending
his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region his entire life, until finally being
defeated in Peshawar due to a snowstorm. Maharaja Jayapala saw a danger in the
consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles Sebuk Tigin, however,
was defeated, and he was forced to pay an indemnity to Jayapala Maharaja
Jayapala stopped receiving tribute and took to the battlefield once
more. Maharaja Jayapala, however, lost control of the entire region
between the Kabul Valley and Khyber Pass.
The Chahamanas of
Shakambha, colloquially known as the Chauhans of Sambhar, were
an Indian dynasty that ruled parts of the present-day Rajasthan and its neighbouring areas between 6th and
12th centuries. The territory ruled by them was known as Sapadalaksha. They
were the most prominent ruling family of the Chahamana (Chauhan) clan, and were categorized among Agnivanshi Rajputs in the later medieval legends.
The Chahamanas originally had
their capital at Shakambhari (present-day Sambhar Lake Town). Until the 10th century,
they ruled as Pratihara vassals. When the Pratihara power declined
after the Tripartite
Struggle, the Chahamana ruler Simharaja assumed the title Maharajadhiraja. In the early 12th
century, Ajayaraja II moved the kingdom's
capital to Ajayameru (modern Ajmer). For this reason, the Chahamana rulers are also
known as the Chauhans of Ajmer.
The Chahamanas fought several
wars with their neighbours, including the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Tomaras of Delhi, and the Paramaras of Malwa. From 11th century onwards,
they started facing Muslim invasions, first by the Ghaznavids, and then by the Ghurids. The Chahamana kingdom reached its zenith
under Vigraharaja IV in the mid-12th century.
The dynasty's power effectively ended in 1192 CE, when the Ghurids defeated his
nephew Prithviraja III.
During his early years as the king, Prithviraj's mother managed the
administration, assisted by a regency council.
Kadambavasa served as the chief minister of the kingdom during
this period. He is also known as Kaimasa, Kaimash or Kaimbasa in the folk
legends, which describe him as an able administrator and soldier devoted to the
young king.[8] Prithviraja
Vijaya states that he was responsible for all the military victories
during the early years of Prithviraj's reign. more historically
reliable Prithviraja Vijaya does not mention any such
incident.
Bhuvanaikamalla, the paternal uncle of Prithviraj's
mother, was another important minister during this time. According
to Prithviraja Vijaya, he was a valiant general who served
Prithviraj as Garuda serves Vishnu.
Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
The 1182–83 CE (1239 VS)
Madanpur inscriptions from Prithviraj's reign claim that he "laid to
waste" Jejakabhukti (present-day Bundelkhand), which was ruled by the Chandela king Paramardi. rithviraj's invasion of the
Chandela territory is also described in the later folk legends, such as Prithviraj
Raso, Paramal Raso, and Alha-Raso. Other texts such as Sarangadhara
Paddhati and Prabandha Chintamani also mention
Prithviraj's attack on Paramardi.[18] The Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali mentions
that Prithviraj had embarked upon a digvijaya (conquest of all
the regions). This appears to be a reference to the start of Prithviraj's march
to Jejakabhukti.
The legendary account of
Prithviraj's campaign against the Chandelas goes like this: Prithviraj was
returning to Delhi after marrying the daughter
of Padamsen, when his contingent was attacked by the "Turkic" forces
(Ghurids). His army repulsed the attacks,
but suffered serious casualties in the process. Amid this chaos, the Chahamana
soldiers lost their way, and unknowingly encamped in the Chandela capital Mahoba.
After failing to win over Malkhan
through peaceful methods and losing eight generals, Prithviraj captured the
fort. The Chandelas then appealed for a truce, and used this time to recall
Alha and Udal from Kannauj. In support of the Chandelas, Jaichand dispatched an
army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons. The combined
Chandela-Gahadavala army attacked Prithviraj's camp, but was defeated. After
his victory, Prithviraj sacked Mahoba. He then dispatched his general Chavand
Rai to Kalinjar Fort to capture Paramardi.
According to the various legends,
Paramaras of Abu
Abu was
ruled by the Chaulukya feudatory Dharavarsha, who belonged to a branch of
the Paramara
dynasty. Partha-Parakrama-Vyayoga by
his younger brother Prahaladana describes Prithviraj's night attack on Abu.
This attack, according to the text, was a failure for the Chahamanas. It
probably happened during the Gujarat campaign of Prithviraj.
Gahadavalas of Kannauj
The Gahadavala kingdom, centered
around Kannauj and headed by another
powerful king Jayachandra, was located to the east of the
Chahamana kingdom. According to a legend mentioned in Prithviraj Raso,
Prithviraj eloped with Jayachandra's daughter Samyogita, leading to a rivalry between the two
kings.[28]
The legend goes like this: King
Jaichand (Jayachandra) of Kannauj decided to conduct a Rajasuya ceremony to proclaim his
supremacy. Prithviraj refused to participate in this ceremony, and thus,
refused to acknowledge Jaichand as the supreme king. Jaichand's daughter
Samyogita fell in love with Prithviraj after hearing about his heroic exploits,
and declared that she would marry only him. Jaichand arranged a swayamvara (husband-selection) ceremony
for his daughter, but did not invite Prithviraj. Nevertheless, Prithviraj
marched to Kannauj with a hundred warriors and eloped with Samyogita. Two-third
of his warriors sacrificed their life in fight against the Gahadavala army,
allowing him to escape to Delhi with Samyogita. In Delhi, Prithviraj became
infatuated with his new wife, and started spending most of his time with her.
He started ignoring the state affairs, which ultimately led to his defeat
against Muhammad of Ghor.[29]
This legend is also mentioned
in Abu'l-Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari and Chandrashekhara's Surjana-Charita (which
names the Gahadavala princess as "Kantimati"). Prithviraja
Vijaya mentions that Prithviraj fell in love with the incarnation of
an apsara Tilottama, although he had never seen this
woman and was already married to other women. According to historian Dasharatha Sharma, this is probably a reference to
Samyogita. However, this legend is not mentioned in other historical sources
such as Prithviraja-Prabandha, Prabandha-Chintamani, Prabandha-Kosha and Hammira-Mahakavya.[30] The Gahadavala records are
also silent about this event, including the supposed Rajasuya performance by
Jayachandra.
According to Dasharatha Sharma[32] and R. B. Singh,[33] there might be some
historical truth in this legend, as it is mentioned in three different sources.
All three sources place the event sometime before Prithviraj's final
confrontation with Muhammad of Ghor in 1192 CE.
Over time, Prithviraj
came to be portrayed as a patriotic Hindu warrior who fought against Muslim
enemies.[74] He is remembered
as a king whose reign separated the two major epochs of Indian history.[75] The convention of
portraying Prithviraj as a Hindu king defeated as part of the Islamic conquest
of India appears to have started with Hasan Nizami's Tajul-Ma'asir (early
13th century). Nizami presents his narrative as a description of "war with
enemies of the faith" and of how "the Islamic way of life was
established in the land of the Hindus."[58] Tajul-Ma'asir as
well as well as the later text Tabaqat-i Nasiri (c. 1260) present
the Ghurid victory over Prithviraj as an important milestone leading to the
establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.[76]
The Paramara
dynasty (IAST:
Paramāra) was an Indian dynasty that ruled Malwa and surrounding areas in west-central India
between 9th and 14th centuries. The medieval bardic literature classifies them
among the Agnivanshi Rajput dynasties.
The
dynasty was established in either 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers
most probably ruled as vassals of the Rashtrakutas
of Manyakheta. The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued
by the 10th century ruler Siyaka,
have been found in Gujarat.
Around 972 CE, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta, and
established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. By the time of his
successor Munja, the
Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh had
become the core Paramara territory, with Dhara (now
Dhar) as their capital. The dynasty reached its zenith under Munja's
nephew Bhoja,
whose kingdom extended from Chittor in
the north to Konkan in
the south, and from the Sabarmati River in
the west to Vidisha in
the east.
The
Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles
with the Chaulukyas of
Gujarat, the Chalukyas
of Kalyani, the Kalachuris
of Tripuri and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara
rulers moved their capital to Mandapa-Durga (now
Mandu) after Dhara was sacked multiple times by their enemies. Mahalakadeva, the
last known Paramara king, was defeated
and killed by the forces of Alauddin Khalji of Delhi in
1305 CE, although epigraphic evidence suggests that the Paramara rule continued
for a few years after his death.
Malwa
enjoyed a great level of political and cultural prestige under the Paramaras.
The Paramaras were well known for their patronage to Sanskrit poets and scholars, and Bhoja was himself a renowned
scholar. Most of the Paramara kings were Shaivites and commissioned several Shiva temples, although they
also patronized Jain scholars.
The Seuna, Sevuna or Yadavas
of Devagiri (c. 860–1317) was an Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom
stretching from the Narmada river
in the north to the Tungabhadra river
in the south, in the western part of the Deccan region.
Its territory included present-day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and
parts of Madhya Pradesh,
from its capital at Devagiri (present-day Daulatabad in
modern Aurangabad
district, Maharashtra).
The
Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the Western Chalukyas.
Around the middle of the 12th century, as the Chalukya power waned, the Yadava
king Bhillama V declared
independence. The Yadava kingdom reached its peak under Simhana II, and
flourished until the early 14th century, when it was annexed by the Delhi Sultanate.
The
Seuna dynasty claimed descent from the Yadavas and
therefore, its kings are often referred to as the "Yadavas of
Devagiri". The correct name of the dynasty,
however, is Seuna or Sevuna.[1] The
inscriptions of this dynasty, as well as those of contemporary kingdoms,
the Hoysala, Kakatiya dynasty and Western Chalukyas call
them Seunas.[2] The
name is probably derived from the name of their second ruler,
"Seunachandra".
The dynasty claimed descent
from Yadu, a hero mentioned in the Puranic legends. According to this account, found in Hemadri's Vratakhanda as
well as several inscriptions their ancestors originally resided at Mathura,
and then migrated to Dvaraka (Dvaravati)
in present-day Gujarat.
A Jain mythological legend states
that the Jain saint Jainaprabhasuri saved
the pregnant mother of the dynasty's founder Dridhaprahara from a great fire that destroyed
Dvaraka. A family feudatory to the Yadavas migrated from Vallabhi (also in present-day
Gujarat) to Khandesh. But otherwise, no historical
evidence corroborates their connection to Dvaraka. The dynasty never tried to
conquer Dvaraka, or establish any political or cultural connections with that
region.[6] Its rulers started claiming
to be descendants of Yadu and migrants from Dvaraka after becoming politically
prominent.
The territory of the early Yadava
rulers was located in present-day Maharashtra ..before
which Kannada and Sanskrit were the primary language of
their inscriptions. Marathi appears in around two hundred Yadava
inscriptions, but usually as translation of or addition to Kannada and Sanskrit
text. During the last half century of the dynasty's rule.The earliest instance
of the Yadavas using the term "marathe" as a self-designation
appears in a 1311 inscription recording a donation to the Pandharpur
temple,
At the time of Bhillama V's ascension in c. 1175, his
nominal overlords — the Chalukyas — were busy fighting their
former feudatories, such as the Hoysalas and the Kalachuris. Bhillama raided the
northern Gujarat Chaulukya and Paramara territories, although these
invasions did not result in any territorial annexations. The Naddula
Chahamana ruler Kelhana,
who was a Gujarat Chaulukya feudatory, forced him to retreat. Meanwhile,
the Hoysala ruler Ballala II invaded the Chalukya capital
Kalyani, forcing Bhillama's overlord Someshvara to flee
Around 1187, Bhillama forced
Ballala to retreat, conquered the former Chalukya capital Kalyani, and declared
himself a sovereign ruler.[23] According to Hemadri, he
then established the Devagiri city, which became the new
Yadava capital.
In the late 1180s, Ballala
launched a campaign against Bhillama, and decisively defeated his army at Soratur. The
Yadavas were driven to the north of the Malaprabha and Krishna rivers,
which formed the Yadava-Hoysala border for the next two decades.
Jaitugi's son Simhana,
who succeeded him around either 1200[28] or 1210,[29] is regarded as the dynasty's
greatest ruler.[28] At its height, his kingdom
probably extended from the Narmada River in the north to the Tungabhadra River in the south, and from
the Arabian Sea in the west to the western
part of the present-day Andhra in
the east.[30] According to Hemadri, this
invasion resulted in the death of the Paramara king Arjunavarman, although this claim is of
doubtful veracity.[33] Around 1216, Simhana
defeated the Kohalpur Shilahara king Bhoja
II, a
former feudatory, who had asserted his sovereignty. The Shilahara kingdom,
including its capital Kolhapur, was annexed to the Yadava
kingdom as a result of this victory.[34][32]
Simhana was succeeded by his
grandson Krishna (alias Kannara), who
defeated the invaded the Paramara kingdom, which had weakened because of
invasions from the Delhi Sultanate. He defeated the Paramara king
sometime before 1250, although this victory did not result in any territorial
annexation. Krishna also attempted an invasion of the Vaghela-ruled
Gujarat, but this conflict was inconclusive, with both sides claiming victory. He
also fought against the Hoysalas; again, both sides claim victory in this
conflict.
Krishna's younger brother and
successor Mahadeva curbed a rebellion by
the Shilaharas of northern Konkan,
whose ruler Someshvara had attempted to assert his
sovereignty. He invaded the eastern Kakatiya kingdom, taking advantage of
rebellions against the Kakatiya queen Rudrama, but
this invasion appears to have been repulsed. He also invaded the
southern Hoysala kingdom, but this invasion
was repulsed by the Hoysala king Narasimha II. Mahadeva's Kadamba feudatories
rebelled against him, but this rebellion was suppressed by his general
Balige-deva around 1268.
The Yadava army was also involved
in skirmishes against their north-western neighbours, the Vaghelas, with both sides claiming
victory. In 1275, he sent a powerful army led by Tikkama to the southern
Hoysala kingdom. Tikkama gathered a large plunder from this invasion, although
ultimately, his army was forced to retreat in 1276.
Ramachandra seems to have faced
invasions by Muslim armies from north India (called "mlechchhas" or "Turukas")
since the 1270s, for a 1278 inscription calls him a "Great Boar in securing the earth from
the oppression of the Turks". Historian P. M. Joshi dismisses this as a
boastful claim, and theorizes that he may have "chastised some Muslim officials"
in the coastal region between Goa and Chaul. In 1296, Ala-ud-din Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate
successfully raided
Devagiri. Khalji restored it to Ramachandra in return for his promise of
payment of a high ransom and an annual tribute.[ However, this was not paid
and the Seuna kingdom's arrears to Khalji kept mounting. In 1307, Khalji sent
an army commanded by Malik Kafur, accompanied by Khwaja Haji, to
Devagiri. The Muslim governors of Malwa and Gujarat were ordered to help Malik
Kafur. Their huge army conquered the weakened and defeated forces of Devagiri almost
without a battle. Ramachandra was taken to Delhi. Khalji reinstated
Ramachandra as governor in return for a promise to help him subdue the Hindu
kingdoms in South India. In 1310, Malik Kafur mounted an
assault on the Kakatiya kingdom from Devagiri.[
Ramachandra's successor Simhana
III challenged the supremacy of Khalji, who sent Malik Kafur to recapture
Devagiri in 1313. Simhana III was killed in the ensuing battle and Khalji's
army occupied Devagiri. The kingdom was annexed by the Khalji sultanate in 1317. Many years
later, Muhammad Tughluq of the Tughluq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate subsequently renamed the
city Daulatabad.[
The Turk Shahi were a Buddhist Turkic dynasty that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa in the 7th to 9th centuries. They replaced
the Nezak – the last dynasty of Bactrian rulers with
origins among the Xwn (Xionite) and/or Huna peoples (who are sometimes also referred to
as "Huns" who invaded Eastern Europe during a similar period). Kabulistan was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain,
which at times included Zabulistan[1] and Gandhara.During their rule, the Turk Shahi were an obstacle to the eastward
expansion of the Abbasid
Caliphate.
The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was
deposed by a Brahmin minister, possibly named Vakkadeva, in
c. 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning
of the Hindu
Shahi dynasty of Kabul
The Hindu Shahi (850–1026 CE) was
a Hindu dynasty that held
sway over the Kabul Valley, Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and
Northeastern Afghanistan), and present-day Northwestern India, during the early medieval
period in the Indian subcontinent. They succeeded the Turk Shahis. There were two
dynasties in Kabul Valley and Gandhara: the Kshatriya dynasty and
the Brahmana dynasty which
replaced it. Both used the title of Shahi. Details about these
rulers have been assembled from chronicles, coins and stone
inscriptions by researchers as no consolidated account of their history has
become available.
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